Super Bowl XLIX: Meet the New England Patriots defense

In the week leading up to Super Bowl XLIX, we’re profiling the important characters of the game. We’ve already run posts on New England’s coach, Bill Belichick, quarterback, Tom Brady, and the rest of the New England Patriots offense. Now it’s time to learn a little about the New England Patriots defense.

Vince Wilfork, Defensive Tackle

Vince Wilfork is the giant heart of the New England defense. He plays nose tackle, which means he uses his enormous weight (listed at 325 lbs but looks more like 365 lbs) and athletic ability (he claims he can still dunk a basketball) to fight against double-teams from opposing offensive linemen to get to the quarterback or running back. He’s an elder statesman of the Patriots, at the age of 33 and having been a part of the team since he was drafted in 2004. As much as you can tell from watching someone on television who is usually wearing a helmet, Wilfork seems like a really awesome guy. He’s often smiling and joking on the sidelines. He apparently had a practice of finding the Patriots owner, Robert Kraft, and his wife Myra, before games and kissing them each on the cheek. After Myra died of cancer in 2011, Wilfork took to kissing Robert Kraft on both cheeks to keep up the tradition. In the Super Bowl, Wilfork will be an important part of the Patriots defense against the Seahawks strength on offense — running the ball. Find the enormous man wearing #75 for the Patriots and watch him. If he’s driven backwards, it’s bad news for the Patriots and good news for the Seahawks.

Chandler Jones, Defensive End

One of the ways the Patriots have managed to continuously stock their team with great players despite almost never picking at the top of the draft is that they look for hidden gems. Chandler Jones was a gem, partially hidden in the 2012 NFL draft because of a hip injury that caused him to miss half of his last college season at Syracuse. No matter, the Patriots swooped him up with the 21st pick of the draft. 6’5″ and 265 lbs, Jones is an incredible athlete from an athletic family. Of his two brothers, one is also in the NFL and the other is a champion mixed martial artist. Jones is at his best when he is aggressively attacking the quarterback. The Seahawks might try to use that against him by either running the ball right at him or by running read-option plays towards his side. During a read-option play, the quarterback can punish an over-aggressive defensive end by suckering him into trying to tackle him and then handing the ball to a running back who runs around the defensive end. Jones will have to balance his aggressive play with needing to make sure no one with the ball gets around him by mistake.

Jamie Collins, Linebacker

In addition to looking for hidden gems, the Patriots favor versatility over almost everything. Jamie Collins is one of the most versatile defensive players in the NFL. He played at all three levels of defense (defensive line, linebacker, and defensive back) in college for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles. On the Patriots, he mostly plays linebacker, the position behind the big guys up front on the line of scrimmage but in front of the small guys in the defensive backfield. From this position he can use the full range of his wide skill set. On some plays he’s sent to attack the quarterback, on others he will cover a tight end or wide receiver. He’s one of the main candidates for players to “spy” Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson. This means he would be assigned the task of following Wilson around as he moves from side to side to make sure that if Wilson decides to run with the ball instead of throw it, he doesn’t get very far.

Brandon Browner, Cornerback

Brandon Browner is an interesting figure in this particular Super Bowl matchup. He was a member of Seattle’s so-called Legion of Boom defensive backfield for the previous three years before being signed this past Summer by the Patriots. In some ways, he still fits more with that group than with the tight-lipped Patriots. Browner is extremely tall for a cornerback, at 6’4″ and physical, sometimes to the point of taking unnecessary penalties. He has had a history of performance enhancing drug and substance abuse suspensions and actually missed playing in last year’s Super Bowl because of a suspension. He made a little bit of news this past week when he told the media that the Patriots should and would be targeting the injured joints of two of his ex-Seattle teammates.

Darrelle Revis, Cornerback

Darrelle Revis is one of the premier cornerbacks in the league. You may have heard the phrase, “Revis Island” and if you haven’t, you probably will this Sunday. That phrase, which Revis has apparently trademarked, expresses both the plight of the wide receiver that Revis is covering and his value to the Patriots. Revis is usually asked to cover the best wide receiver on the opposing team and unlike most other corners, he rarely has the safety net of another defensive player helping him with the assignment. Being assigned to cover someone one on one is a like being out on an island by yourself — you’re exposed, with no one to help you if you get into trouble. Revis is so good at it though, that the effect is often to make the wide receiver feel like he is on an island with no connection to the rest of his team and no way off. Quarterbacks often choose to ignore the receiver Revis is covering rather than challenge him by trying to throw to that receiver.

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. So far we’ve profiled Seattle Seahawks coach Pete CarrollNew England Patriots coach Bill BelichickNew England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilsonthe New England Patriots secondary offensive characters, and the Seattle Seahawks secondary offensive characters. If you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

Why should football care about brain injuries?

In our first two posts on brain injuries and football we covered the consequences of brain injuries and how and when they happen during a football game. Today, we’ll answer the question of why people who care about, participate in, or own and run football teams should care about brain injuries. We’ll focus on the National Football League (NFL) in particular. The question may seem almost rhetorical to anyone who has a heart and has seen first (or even second) hand the terrible effect of brain injuries on a person but it’s not. Think about it this way. The cigarette and alcohol industries are still going strong and those products are usually harmful and sometimes fatal to their consumers. Football is only usually harmful and sometimes fatal to its workforce!

The first reason for why football should care about the damage it does to its workforce is the most obvious one: it’s unethical to employ people to do something as dangerous and unnecessary as football. Football is an entertainment product. If Hollywood actors were disproportionately suffering from early onset dementia and dying premature deaths, you can bet that Paramount pictures executives would be stumbling over themselves trying to solve the problem. Football is no different. That said, it’s probably unrealistic to expect that real change could come from this reason alone. There are too many convenient and legitimate rationalizations available to football decision makers: the science is unclear, players know what they’re getting into, life-changing salaries are a good enough reward to offset the risk, etc. We need more persuasive reasons.

If hitting football in the heart isn’t enough to create change, how about the wallet? This process has already begun. In the fall of 2013, the NFL settled in a class action lawsuit with 25,000 retired players and 9,000 relatives of deceased players. As part of the settlement, the NFL agreed to spend $765 million dollars on health care and compensation for retired players with any signs of dementia. That’s a lot of money and it may not be over. Just this week, Sports Illustrated ran a story about a group of around 220 retired players and their families who have opted out of the settlement. Why would they do that? According to Michael McCann, who wrote the story, the potential benefit is that “the NFL might offer improved settlement terms as a way of inducing the players to drop their new lawsuits. Or, should these lawsuits go to trial and juries hold the NFL liable, the potential damages assessed by jurors could be massive and far eclipse settlement payments.” The NFL is a powerful organization with an immense ability to represent themselves in all aspects of legal and political conflict but as long as these concussion lawsuits continue, they are vulnerable. Brain injuries are expensive.

Facing a threat from one end of the football spectrum, retired players, the NFL cannot lose sight of an equal threat from the other end: youth players. Unlike professional soccer teams in Europe, the NFL does not get most of its players through team-run youth academies. Instead, they rely on the many youth football leagues, like Pop Warner and American Youth, to get young football players started on the path to the NFL. Later, academic institutions take over as kids go through high school football and then through the virtually semi-professional ranks of major college football. This all costs a lot of money and the NFL doesn’t have to spend any of it. Using ESPN’s remarkable collection of expenses from major college football programs in 2008, we know that the top 119 college football teams cost a total of 5.4 billion dollars. Of course, they make almost that much in revenue today but the NFL could not expect that side of things to stay the same if they ran college football as a minor league developmental program. Youth football programs find great football players, train great football players, and they make celebrities out of them and the NFL benefits from all of this without paying the players or the organizations a single cent. Brain injuries are a real threat to all of this free player development that the NFL relies on.

In the past few years, lots of very public figures, influenced by the news about brain injuries, have stated that they would not let their sons play football: President Obama in 2014, sports writer Michael Wilbon in 2010, hall of fame NFL player and coach (and SNL subject) Mike Ditka in 2015. Even some NFL players have gone on record saying they wouldn’t let their kids play football. This has begun to have an effect. Steve Fainaru and Mark Fainaru-Wada reported for ESPN that “The nation’s largest youth football program, Pop Warner, saw participation drop 9.5 percent between 2010-12, a sign that the concussion crisis that began in the NFL is having a dramatic impact at the lowest rungs of the sport.” When the well starts to run dry, you bet the barons are going to worry about what’s stealing their oil.

The last reason why the NFL should care about brain injuries is purely speculative and far more anticipated than observed. Eventually, people will tire of watching the NFL if nothing is done to fix its brain injury issues. So far, television ratings do not support this thesis one bit but it’s hard to imagine that the popularity of football could continue forever without being damaged in some way by the growing popular understanding of the damage the game does to its players. The court of public opinion sometimes has a long appeal process but eventually the jury’s ruling will sink in if nothing can be done to fix football’s brain injury problem.

Tomorrow we’ll continue our series of posts on how to fix football with a discussion of the NFL’s history of rule changes and which elements of the game are most or least open to future changes. If you want to read more on today’s subject, I recommend Kevin Greir and Tyler Cowen’s essay in Grantland called “What would the end of football look like?”

Dear Sports Fan provides resources for living in harmony with sports. If you enjoy our content, please share it with your friends and family. If you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

Super Bowl XLIX: Meet the rest of New England's offense

In the week leading up to Super Bowl XLIX, we’re profiling the important characters of the game. We’ve already run posts on New England’s coach, Bill Belichick and quarterback, Tom Brady. Now it’s time to learn a little about the rest of the New England Patriots offense.

LeGarrette Blount, Running Back

The Patriots are a little different from every other football team in the league. As a result, there are some players who just seem to play well for them but poorly for everyone else. LeGarrette Blount is one of those players. He’s had a long and checkered past with other teams, from college to professional, but he’s only ever truly thrived in New England. He’s a big, powerful runner who seems to get better as the game goes on, especially if he’s utilized by coach Bill Belichick as a hammer, punishing opposing defenders. If the Patriots start out giving him the ball 25-35% of the time, it’s a good sign that they think they can with the Super Bowl by beating up Seattle’s defense.

Shane Vereen, Running Back

If LeGarrette Blount is the Patriots hammer, Shane Vereen is their Swiss army knife. He catches the ball a lot for a running back and he is at least as good a receiver as a runner. This season, he ran the ball 96 times for 391 yards and caught the ball 52 times for 447 yards. The opponents know what he’s good at too, so when he’s on the field, they know to look out for a pass. For that reason, he’s another good canary in the coal mine to watch. If he’s on the field for more than 50% of the snaps that have a running back on the field, it’s a good sign the Patriots are going to try to win by passing the ball a lot.

Julian Edelman, Wide Receiver

No one on the Patriots epitomizes coach Bill Belichick’s love for versatile players more than Julian Edelman. Edelman played quarterback in college at the College of San Mateo and Kent State. The Patriots drafted him to play primarily as a wide receiver but in his six seasons with the team, he’s also returned kicks and punts, played sporadically as a defensive back, and has been used as a runner and even a couple of times to throw passes. He’s slightly under-sized for a wide receiver at six foot and 200 lbs (and it’s always good to be suspicious that round numbers like those are inflated) but he’s quick and tough and has more than proven himself as an NFL contributor.

Brandon LaFell, Wide Receiver

Brandon LaFell played for his first four years in the NFL on the Carolina Panthers. He improved every year, which is probably what the Patriots were counting on when they signed him during the last offseason. He’s has the most prototypical stature of all the Patriots pass catchers, he’s tall, lanky, and fast. He’s not quite enough of an athletic freak to be considered a true threat to catch deep passes but that is the role he plays on the Patriots. Two facts about him that might be of interest: apparently his nickname is “Jo Jo” and Tom Brady called him the “toughest guy” he’s ever played with.

Rob Gronkowski, Tight End

Ah, Rob Gronkowski. What can I write to describe him? In a league full of bros, he is the bro-iest. In a league full of dudes, he is the most dude-like. He’s a 6’6″, 265 lbs, 25 year-old millionaire who likes to party (almost? maybe more?) as much as he loves to play football. When he’s healthy, which he hasn’t been for the past three years but is now, he’s the most unstoppable force on a football field you’re likely to see. He can catch, he can block, he can run, and when he scores, he spikes the ball with more raw enthusiasm than anyone else. He’s often photographed dancing with his shirt off, in various states of undress with porn stars, or with clumps of college students surrounding him. During this year’s Super Bowl media day Gronkowski sang Katy Perry songs and read an excerpt from a pornographic novel written about him!

Nate Solder, Left Tackle

Nate Solder scored his first touchdown in the NFL during the Patriots last game. It was his first NFL touchdown. He’s an offensive lineman and they don’t often score touchdowns. So, clearly, he and his teammates were excited. This is how excited they were:

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. So far we’ve profiled Seattle Seahawks coach Pete CarrollNew England Patriots coach Bill BelichickNew England Patriots quarterback Tom BradySeattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson, and the Seattle Seahawks secondary offensive characters. If you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

Super Bowl XLIX: Meet the rest of Seattle's offense

In the week leading up to Super Bowl XLIX, we’re profiling the important characters of the game. We’ve already run posts on Seattle’s coach, Pete Carroll and quarterback, Russell Wilson. Now it’s time to learn a little about the rest of the Seattle offense.

Marshawn Lynch, Running Back

Marshawn Lynch is a powerful running back whose specialty is bouncing off tacklers or hitting them before they hit him. His nickname is Beastmode. He has a penchant for skittles, not talking to the media, and grabbing his own crotch when he scores. Some view his behavior as fun antics, others as serious infringements, still others are concerned about his mental health.

Doug Baldwin, Wide Receiver

Doug Baldwin is the leader of Seattle’s mostly unknown receiving core. He played college football at Stanford, overlapping with Seahawks defensive back Richard Sherman. Baldwin was an unheralded player, and was not even drafted after his college years. Seattle signed him as a free agent in 2011 and Baldwin went on to lead the team in receptions and receiving yardage that year. Perhaps because of his undrafted status, Baldwin loves to play the “No one believes in us” card. Just last week, after the Seahawks amazing comeback win over Green Bay, Baldwin went off on a rant against reporters who “didn’t believe in” the Seahawks. It’s amazing that a member of a defending Super Bowl champion team can twist himself into believing this motivational thought, but Baldwin does. During the Super Bowl, he expects to be covered by Patriots cornerback Darrelle Revis, who is known for shutting receivers out entirely.

Jermaine Kearse, Wide Receiver

Jermaine Kearse is a Washington man, through and through. He grew up in Lakewood Washington, played college football at the University of Washington, and was signed, like his teammate Doug Baldwin, as an undrafted free agent by the Seattle Seahawks, where he’s played his whole career. Kearse had perhaps the weirdest game ever for a wide receiver in the Seahawks win over the Packers. Four of the first five passes that were sent his way ended up as interceptions for the Packers. Two bounced off his hands before being caught by the other team. That’s a devastating day for anyone in any football game, much less a professional in the NFC Championship game. In overtime, Kearse got one more chance when quarterback Russell Wilson threw his way on a long pass down the middle. Kearse converted it into a 35 yard, game-winning touchdown. He’d surely like to be the hero again but I’m guessing he’d be happy with just a more consistent performance in the Super Bowl.

Luke Willson, Tight End

Other than sharing (almost) a last name with quarterback Russell Wilson, Luke Willson is a relatively unknown quantity. He took over as the starting tight end early this year when Zach Miller got knocked out for the season with an ankle injury. Willson is not a remarkable player but he’s certainly proved himself this year. In week 16 against Arizona, he had 139 yards and two touchdowns. That’s pretty good! He played an important role in the Seahawks win over the Packers when he caught the miraculous two-point conversion that put Seattle up by three points. Also, he’s Canadian.

Russell Okung, Left Tackle

With all the unheralded players on the Seattle offense that we’ve profiled so far, you would be forgiven for thinking that the Seahawks don’t have any top draft picks on offense. Not true! As is often the case these days in the NFL, their Left Tackle was drafted very, very high. Russell Okung, 6’5, 310 lbs, was drafted number six overall by Seattle in the 2010 NFL draft. A star in college, at Oklahoma State University, Okung has struggled with injuries in the NFL. He’s missed 21 games over his first five seasons but when he is healthy, he’s one of the best players at his position. He’s healthy now, and although the Patriots have some good pass rushers to go against Okung, I expect him to win most of those battles.

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. So far we’ve profiled Seattle Seahawks coach Pete CarrollNew England Patriots coach Bill BelichickNew England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, and Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell WilsonIf you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

How do brain injuries or concussions happen in football?

What’s the most dangerous place to be on a football field? Which positions put players in the greatest peril? What are the greatest contributing factors to the epidemic of brain injuries? Thanks to our post on what we know about the consequence of brain injuries in football, we know brain injuries are a serious concern. Today we’ll learn more about how they happen and what elements of football cause them. As a reminder, brain injuries are divided into subconcussive events and concussions. Both are problematic and both occur with disturbing regularity on a football field. Let’s take subconcussive events first.

Subconcussive impacts happen all the time in football but significantly more frequently to some players than others. If you watch an average football play, you’ll see that it begins with two lines of three to six men lined up directly opposite one another. These players are the members of the offensive and defensive lines. These guys are huge, strong, and fast. They’re like Sumo wrestlers with armor on. When the ball is snapped, they launch themselves at each other, the defenders trying to get to the quarterback or to a running back with the ball, and the offensive line trying to protect their quarterback or to shift the defenders in order to create an opening for a running back to run through. Football people sometimes refer to the action that goes on between these players as the trenches of a football game and indeed, the action when it happens, is fast and furious.

It’s not alarmist to contend that players in the offensive and defensive lines suffer a brain injury on virtually every play. Here’s how Kyle Turley, the subject of a Malcolm Gladwell New Yorker article on brain injuries describes being in the trenches of a football game: “You are involved in a big, long drive. You start on your own five-yard line, and drive all the way down the field—fifteen, eighteen plays in a row sometimes. Every play: collision, collision, collision. By the time you get to the other end of the field, you’re seeing spots. You feel like you are going to black out. Literally, these white explosions—boom, boom, boom—lights getting dimmer and brighter, dimmer and brighter.”

It’s possible that other players don’t perceive the common subconcussive blows in the same way as Turley. It’s possible even that some players are able to withstand the repeated demands of being a lineman without having their brain injured on every play. To be conservative, let’s assume there is some level of brain injury, even if it is imperceptible, created by every collision of this type in a football game.

Other players on the field don’t hit or get hit nearly as often. A running back may get hit one in every two or three plays. A linebacker will be involved in a tackle one in every four or five plays. A cornerback or safety even less. Wide receivers may only get hit a handful of times in a game. When it comes to subconcussive blows to the head, we’re worried mostly about linemen, running backs, and linebackers. Counterintuitively perhaps it’s wide receivers and defensive backs that suffer the most concussions.

One of the most important things to know about concussions is that the “the amount of force and the location of the impact are not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion or its symptoms.” Rather, it is the “amount of rotational force” that is the key cause of concussions. As this CBS news article suggests, because of this fact, football helmets may not actually do much to prevent concussions. Concussions are the result of “rotational injury… when the head rotates on the neck because of the impact, causing the brain to rotate.” Helmets do a great job of protecting against skull fractures and do a good job of preventing or lessening the impact on the brain from linear impacts that occur when a player is straight backwards.

This means that players usually do not get concussed if they can see a hit coming and have the time and freedom to prepare for the hit. A player who is hit under these ideal circumstances will face the hit, aligning his body to receive a linear as opposed to a rotational impact. The player will brace his neck, so that the force of the blow is distributed from his head, through his neck to his body. Given time, most football players can protect themselves from concussions.

Football players who do get concussions get them most frequently when they don’t see the blow coming or when they aren’t prepared for the hit. This could happen either because they don’t have time to prepare or because they choose not to for the sake of the game. Just from watching countless football games, you get a sense for which collisions are more likely to cause concussions. Those times a running back plows right into a handful of defenders and drags them a few feet before falling? They almost never result in a concussion. How about when quarterbacks are hit while throwing the ball? These hits are more likely to result in broken ribs or collarbones than concussions. In both cases, the players usually know the hit is coming. What about at the end of a play when a player on the ground is just clipped by the knee of a player running by him? That’s a problem! What about a wide receiver who leaps to catch a ball only to be met in mid-air by a defensive back catapulting himself at the receiver? Houston, we definitely have a problem, often for both players. How about a so-called blind-side hit when a player is hit from one direction while looking in the other? You guessed it, those cause concussions too.

The recurring themes for hits that cause concussions are speed and chaos. Football players get concussions most frequently from hits that they don’t know are coming or when the play is too fast for them to do their job as football players and to protect themselves. The speed and chaos of modern football have overrun the brain’s ability to track and prepare for collisions, even for the best athletes in the world.

Even NFL players agree with this suggestion. James Harrison has been one of the most obvious villains of the recent era in the NFL. A veteran linebacker who played most of his career for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Harrison is known as a reckless hitter who, even for football, was known for launching himself dangerously at opposing players, using his head as a weapon. In Ben McGrath’s 2011 New Yorker article, Harrison defends himself by blaming the speed of modern football for his acts. “The game’s a lot faster than it was when [NFL director of game operations, Merton Hanks] played… When we’re right there, and it’s bang-bang, you don’t have time to adjust.”

Speed + Chaos = Concussion. It seems now like an inevitable conclusion. If we take that equation for fact, the important question becomes, how can we change football to protect its players without losing the sport’s essence? Malcolm Gladwell phrases the question like this: “How do you insure, in a game like football, that a player is never taken by surprise?” We’ll eventually answer that question in this series of articles on how to fix football. In our next installment, we’ll describe why it’s necessary to deal with this issue at all. Why should football care about brain injuries?

Dear Sports Fan provides resources for living in harmony with sports. If you enjoy our content, please share it with your friends and family. If you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

Super Bowl XLIX: Who is Seattle's quarterback, Russell Wilson?

Russell Wilson, the Seattle Seahawks quarterback, has as clear an image as any public figure I’ve ever read or written about. He never wavers, he never blunders, even when he plays poorly. As much as we can tell about anyone from afar, Wilson seems to be who he seems to be. It’s refreshing, heartening, and a little boring, to be honest.

What is Russell Wilson’s background?

Wilson was born in Ohio and raised in Virginia. His father was a lawyer and his mother had the interesting job of using her expertise as a nurse to consult on medicine related court cases. The Wilsons were and are an athletic family. His grandfather was a college football and basketball player before becoming president of a university. His father played football and baseball at Dartmouth and almost made it into the NFL as a wide-receiver. Wilson’s older brother played college football and baseball and his little sister is one of the top high school basketball players in the country. Harrison Wilson III, father to Harrison IV, Russell, and Anna, died in 2010 of complications from diabetes.

Like his Super Bowl counterpart, Tom Brady, Russell Wilson excelled at multiple sports in high school and college. If anything, Wilson was more distinguished as a baseball player and football player than Brady. In Collegiate high school in Virginia, Wilson won the state championship as a football player and served as class president. He went to college in nearby North Carolina State University. There, he sat out his first year, won the starting job part of the way through his second year and played so well that he became the first ever freshman (players can sit their first year and still be considered freshman) to be named as first-team All-ACC quarterback. His next two years went according to plan, with Wilson starring on the football field and the baseball diamond, as well as graduating a year early and taking graduate level courses.

In 2010, things took a turn when Wilson got into a dispute with NC State’s football coach over whether or not he would be able to continue to pursue baseball in addition to football. Wilson had been drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in 2007 and later by the Colorado Rockies in 2010 (don’t ask me how that works… well, I guess if you’re not going to ask me, who would you ask? Fine, ask me later!) and was determined to keep his options open. The dispute was not to be mended. Wilson decided to leave NC State and transfer to Wisconsin. In his first year at Wisconsin and his last eligible year in college football, he led the Wisconsin Badgers to a Big 10 title and a place in the Rose Bowl. Wisconsin lost but the season had been a success.

Again, similar to Tom Brady, Wilson was not drafted high in the NFL draft. For Brady, the knock was that he was neither experienced, nor athletic enough to succeed in the NFL. The criticism of Wilson seems even stupider in retrospect. Wilson was drafted in the third round of the 2012 NFL draft with the 75th overall pick because teams thought he was too short to succeed. That has obviously not been the case. Wilson won the starting job in his first preseason camp. In three seasons, he has won 36 games and lost only 12 games in the regular season. He has been to the playoffs every year and has so far only lost a single game. Last year, he won the Super Bowl.

What’s he all about?

Russell Wilson is a devout man. According to Wikipedia, he “became a devout Christian at age 14 when he said he saw Jesus in a dream.” His Twitter profile refers to John 3:30 which states, “He must become greater; I must become less.” He also proclaims himself to be “too blessed to be stressed.” When not tweeting bible verses, Wilson is an enthusiastic promoter of his team, his teammates, the companies he endorses, and, most charmingly, his little sister and her basketball career. He caused a slight controversy after the Seahawks game against the Packers, when Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers objected to Wilson’s post-game attribution of the win to god by saying, “I don’t think God cares a lot about the outcome.”

Controversy is one thing that Wilson has pretty much avoided so far in his career. His image is clean and controlled. He has very few friends other than a tight group of people he knew before stardom that help him manage his life and career. The only small to-do that Wilson has been involved with was the insinuation earlier this year from some of his teammates as reported by Mike Freeman, that he may not be “black enough.” That insinuation probably deserves its own essay written by someone more authoritative in sociology than me. It’s worth reporting that shortly after that story, the Seahawks traded wide receiver Percy Harvin, rumored to be one of the players cited by Freeman, to the New York Jets.

On the field, Wilson is a menace to opposing defenses. He is an accurate passer and moves well to avoid being sacked by defenders. When deployed in zone-read plays, where he is given the option of handing the ball to his running back or running with it himself, Wilson is deadly. He led all NFL quarterbacks this year in rushing with 849 yards and six touchdowns. Those stats would put him tied for 16th as a running back, much less as a quarterback. There’s great debate about whether clutch play actually exists but if it does, Wilson has it. He seems to get better as the game goes on and plays with more poise and determination when his team is losing and needs him the most.

What will it mean if he wins? What will it mean if he loses?

There are only eleven quarterbacks who have won more than one Super Bowl. Russell Wilson joins that group if the Seahawks win this game. He’ll also join an even more elite group of quarterbacks who have won consecutive Super Bowls. Of this group, only his opponent, Tom Brady, isn’t already in the Hall of Fame. It’s tempting to say that Wilson will have more chances, even if he loses, but things change fast in the NFL and nothing is certain. What is likely though, is that Wilson has many years of productive football ahead of him. He should be able to overcome the setback a loss would pose to how he is seen as a quarterback.

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. So far we’ve profiled Seattle Seahawks coach Pete CarrollNew England Patriots coach Bill Belichick, and New England Patriots quarterback Tom BradyIf you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

Super Bowl XLIX: Who is New England's quarterback, Tom Brady?

You rarely hear someone refer to Tom Brady without following his name with the phrase, “the golden boy.” Brady is the prototypical quarterback. He’s tall, handsome, and athletic. He’s an unquestioned leader. He is successful on the field and off the field. He inevitably evokes a strong response from people. Either you want to be him or want to be with him or you can’t stand his smug, arrogant ways and you are annoyed that one person (other than you) could be so lucky.

What is Tom Brady’s background?

Tom Brady was not the star athlete in his family as a child. Nope, that was his three older sisters, Maureen, Julie, and Nancy. Each of them played sports and Tom went along with his parents to cheer them on. Jeff Arnold describes the family in his 2012 article on The Post Game as being extremely close. It certainly sounds like that was true. As a child, Brady loved football and convinced the family to go to San Francisco 49ers home games, just a short drive from their home in San Mateo, but his first sport was always baseball. He was good enough at baseball to be selected by the Montreal Expos in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft. Instead of committing to baseball, Brady chose to go to the University of Michigan as a quarterback.

This turned out to be a great decision but it may not have seemed like one at the time. According to Wikipedia, when Brady first went to Michigan, he was seventh on the quarterback pecking order! For the first two years of his college career, he sat while the incumbent quarterback, Brian Griese led the team. After Griese left, you might have thought the job would go exclusively to Brady, but it did not. Although he started every game, he continuously had to battle another quarterback, Drew Henson, for playing time. Michigan’s coach at the time though it was a good idea to rotate quarterbacks during the game. Despite this, Brady played well and became an acclaimed and successful college quarterback.

Given his success in the NFL, you would be forgiven for assuming that Brady was a high draft pick. He was not. The New England Patriots drafted Brady in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL draft as the 199th player selected. Why so low? To start with, very few successful NFL quarterbacks have trouble winning the starting job in college. Brady did. On top of that, Brady performed poorly at the annual NFL combine where players are measured on physical attributes and perform drills to measure their athleticism. Brady was relatively slow and weak. It’s actually pretty remarkable. If you watch the videos from back then, Brady looks slow and somewhat awkward not just in the context of football. It almost looks like you or I could beat him in a race.

New England saw through that and selected him anyway, even though they had a starting quarterback in the prime of his career. Brady, familiar with the bench from his college days, went right back there in his first year as a professional. Then, in the second game of his second year, the Patriots starting quarterback, Drew Bledsoe, took  a bad hit to the ribs, suffered internal bleeding, and had to be removed from the game. Brady went in and the rest is history. Or… almost. Brady wasn’t an immediate success, but it was close. His first two games as a starter were only so-so. From then on, he’s been very close to great his entire career. He took the Patriots to the playoffs and won the Super Bowl in his first, third, and fourth years as a starter. At that point, in 2004, he was 9-0 as a playoff starter, and already being talked about as one of the greatest quarterbacks in NFL history. He’s been back to the Super Bowl two times since then but lost twice, both times to the New York Giants. He survived an ACL tear in 2008 and now, in 2015, at the age of 37, is still going strong.

What’s he all about?

Tom Brady perfectly epitomizes himself in the way he plays quarterback. When he drops back with the ball in the pocket (protective area his offensive linemen endeavor to create for him) he is more still than any other quarterback. Most quarterbacks bounce around in there, moving up and down, side to side as they look for someone to throw the ball to and prepare to be hit or take evasive action. Brady just stands there. Still, calm, collected, he stands. This behavior expresses what seems to be the core of Brady’s personality. His focus on football and winning is totally relentless. His confidence in his own abilities is limitless.

As evidence of his focus on football, consider how Brady, who is married to Gisele Bundchen, often referred to as the world’s number one model, prioritizes his time with her. In a 2009 profile of Brady in GQ by Adam Rapoport, Brady says “Gisele understands the job requirements. I get some time with her on my day off, Tuesday, and then Wednesday, Thursday, Friday nights. Probably after wins I’m more with her. After losses, I don’t think much of anything other than the game. This morning at breakfast, for instance, I was talking to her, but I just wasn’t there.” Brady has crafted his entire life around his devotion to football. He goes to bed at 8:30 every night, (presumably except for evenings with Patriots night games) and has put himself on a strict seasonal diet that is “80 percent alkaline, 20 percent acidic” according to Greg Bishop in Sports Illustrated. In a recent profile of Brady in the New York Times, Mark Leibovitch writes that Brady “used the word ‘grieving’ to characterize the period that follows postseason losses. He described losing as a “quality-of-life issue” for him.” Brady is determined to play for as long as he possibly can, saying only that when he “sucks” he will retire. Along with his diet and schedule, Brady is devoted to his body to the point of obsession (kinda makes sense that he would develop a relationship with a model, no?) His consiglieri in this obsession is Alex Guerrero who Brady describes as his “body coach.” Here is Leibovitch’s wonderfully pithy description of Guerrero: “Guerrero, 49, is a practicing Mormon of Argentine descent with a master’s degree in Chinese medicine from a college in Los Angeles.” Brady believes in Guerrero’s techniques and his own abilities implicitly. He openly talks about playing deep into his forties. His father, when asked, had an even later estimate of Brady’s true desires: “It will end badly,” he said. “It does end badly. And I know that because I know what Tommy wants to do. He wants to play till he’s 70.”

Despite Brady’s very high-profile job and marriage, he has managed to hide his personality fairly well. Either that, or there isn’t actually anything underneath the veneer of competitor, husband, and father. One great moment in Leibovitch’s New York Times profile was when he gives us a glimpse into Brady’s thoughts on religion: He marched me back into the house, through the kitchen and past a shelf that displayed a large glass menorah. “We’re not Jewish,” Brady said when I asked him about this. “But I think we’re into everything. . . . I don’t know what I believe. I think there’s a belief system, I’m just not sure what it is.” I suppose we’ll understand more once we see what Brady does once he finally retires. It seems likely that he and Guerrero will continue their mission to train and prepare bodies for peak performance, just with other people’s bodies. When that time comes, maybe Brady will allow himself the occasional beer or ice cream made of something other than avocado… but I doubt it.

What will it mean if he wins? What will it mean if he loses?

The result of a single game is a funny thing. On one hand, it shouldn’t mean much for anyone’s legacy, certainly not someone as accomplished as Tom Brady. It does though, and maybe for Brady more than anyone else. If the New England Patriots win this game, Brady joins Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw as the only three quarterbacks with four Super Bowl wins. He puts an end to some of the Deflategate fueled talk that attributes his winning to Belichick’s coaching or the Patriots’ nefarious ways.

If the Patriots lose, Brady will drop to 3-3 in Super Bowls with all his success having come early on in his career. The last ten years of his career will be devalued slightly and the controversy swirling around his football’s pressure will gain steam.

There’s one last note about what a win or a loss might mean to Brady. Earlier this season, Brady restructured his contract with the New England Patriots. On the surface of things, this looked like a routine move by a loyal player to help his loyal organization by freeing up cash to use on surrounding him with even better teammates next year. Some people, Patriots fans in particular, read the small print and realized that what Brady got back in return for his financial largess was flexibility. This has set off a round of speculation that Brady might leave the Patriots after this year. Given Brady’s character, it seems like a loss in the Super Bowl might make him more likely to stay and plot his revenge with coach Bill Belichick. At this point, it is all speculation. We’ll have to wait and see.

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. So far we’ve profiled Seattle Seahawks coach Pete Carroll and New England Patriots coach Bill BelichickIf you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

What do we know about brain injuries or concussions?

The sight of a football player knocked senseless or woozy during a game is common. For years, the culture of football was to celebrate the roughest elements of the game, including those that caused concussion symptoms like these. Of course, the word concussion wasn’t used, players were “dinged up” or “had their bells rung.” Concussed players rarely left the field, and if they did they were back as soon as they could walk straight. Today the way we observe, comment on, and handle brain injuries in football is very different. Now when a player goes down, we gasp, avert our eyes, and talk in hushed voices. We know now that brain injuries have serious short and long-term consequences. They can cause the toughest football players to seize up, be unable to tolerate sunlight, or vomit uncontrollably. In time, they can cause personality changes, aggression, and dementia.

What has changed? Well, we know more about brain injuries and their effects thanks to some powerful investigative reporting and promising scientific work led by the New York Times and Boston University respectively. The twin forces of knowledge and focus shifted public opinion but have not necessarily conveyed the full story in an easily understandable way. If you’ve ever wanted to understand what’s really going on when a brain is injured and how that pertains to football players, here is a summary.

Brain injuries are generally categorized into two groups: concussions and subconcussive events. Both are caused when a person’s head moves rapidly enough for the brain inside to scrape or hit the inside of the skull. In football, this is often the result of a blow to the head from another person’s body or the ground, but it can also happen if the head moves fast enough, even without impact. Of course, every injury is unique but it helps to classify them.

  • Concussions are injuries that have recognizable short-term symptoms that may not be present immediately after the impact. A concussed player may have a headache, loss of memory, and confusion. They may experience visual symptoms like blurred vision or seeing stars (this actually happens! it’s not just in cartoons). In some cases concussions may cause vomiting or loss of consciousness. Some symptoms of concussions are usually experienced with a short delay of a day to a week. These insidious symptoms include sensitivity to light, trouble sleeping, difficulty with concentration, and depression. Concussion symptoms may dissipate after a few days or may stick with a person for months or even years.
  • Subconcussive events are simply a description of any head trauma that does not cause a concussion. It’s not a very satisfying definition but subconcussive blows are an important concept because of how frequently they occur in football and their potential impact on the long-term effect of football on its players.

It’s hard to know how many concussions there are in the NFL and in other levels of organized football. Estimates range widely mostly because players and teams both have incentives to not report concussions as they happen. The NFL reported 228 concussions in the 2013-14 season, down slightly from 261 and 252 in the previous two seasons. That means every time a player steps on to a football field, (and 96 do, per game) he has a roughly 1 in a 100 chance of getting a concussion. Just from having watched a lot of football, that frequency feels about right. That would mean there is one reported concussion (too obvious to hide) in almost every game.

Football players certainly suffer concussions at a greater rate than normal people. They also suffer broken bones and torn ligaments at a significantly higher rate than normal people. Broken bones and torn ligaments never have and never will be seen as a pernicious element that could conceivably bring down football. The real problem is that a statistically significantly higher percentage of football players experience another set of physical and psychological symptoms that are almost definitely tied to brain damage. We are now morally certain that these symptoms are the result of a neurological disease called Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or C.T.E., and that it has been caused by concussions or other brain injuries suffered while playing football. The New York Times, which did a lot of the earliest and best reporting on C.T.E. thanks to the work of Pulitzer Prize nominated journalist, Alan Schwarz, described C.T.E. as “a degenerative and incurable disease”. Here is the best description of the four stages of the disease from an article by Schwarz’ colleague Ken Belson:

Those categorized as having Stage 1 of the disease had headaches and loss of attention and concentration, while those with Stage 2 also had depression, explosive behavior and short-term memory loss. Those with Stage 3 of C.T.E…. had cognitive impairment and trouble with executive functions like planning and organizing. Those with Stage 4 had dementia, difficulty finding words and aggression.

The popular science author Malcolm Gladwell has also had a big influence on this issue. Gladwell wrote an article about brain injury in football which was published in the New Yorker in 2009. This article was the first one to shift my thinking about the game and it is well worth reading despite its relative age. Here is a quote from the piece which builds on the description of symptoms above:

C.T.E. has many of the same manifestations as Alzheimer’s: it begins with behavioral and personality changes, followed by disinhibition and irritability, before moving on to dementia. And C.T.E. appears later in life as well, because it takes a long time for the initial trauma to give rise to nerve-cell breakdown and death. But C.T.E. isn’t the result of an endogenous disease. It’s the result of injury.

Scientific and medical understanding of C.T.E. has come a long way but it’s still not entirely clear whether concussions or subconcussive events are the main cause of the disease. It’s understandably difficult to figure this out given that almost all football players will experience both types of brain injuries during their careers and that until recently even concussions with fairly dramatic symptoms were largely treated as an unavoidable consequence of playing football which was best ignored.

One of the biggest obstacles to learning more faster about C.T.E. and the brain injuries that cause it is that the disease can only be conclusively diagnosed by examining the brain after death. During a special autopsy, scientists are able to see if the brain shows the degeneration and accumulation of a protein called tau that are characteristic of C.T.E.. As heart-wrenching as it has been to read stories about the handful of football players who have shot themselves in the chest and left instructions for their brains to be studied, they and other players whose families have donated their brains posthumously, have been responsible for virtually everything we know about the disease so far. Luckily, there is some movement on this topic. Researchers at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA have been able to detect evidence of C.T.E. in living brains through the use of a particular dye and a “routine positron emission tomography scan.” In a 2013 Wired article on the topic, Sean Conboy writes that this test “also could help settle the debate over whether CTE is exacerbated by a few major concussions or years of exposure to subconcussive blows. And it could answer the most important question of all: How much tau is too much?

Another facet of testing that is rarely talked about is genetic testing. David Epstein explains in his book, The Sports Gene, that there is a single gene called ApoE that is predictive of Alzheimer’s disease as well as “how well an individual can recover from any type of brain injury.” There are three variants of the gene and everyone has two copies, one from their mother and one from their father. One variant, ApoE4, is particularly bad. People with one copy of ApoE4 are four times more likely than the general population to develop Alzheimer’s, and people with two copies are eight times more likely. Nothing has been proven about any connection between ApoE4 and C.T.E. but, given that people with copies of that gene variant “take longer to recover” from brain injuries and “are at a greater risk of suffering dementia later in life,” it seems likely.

As it stands today, the only sure thing is that C.T.E. is horrible and deadly. Until we know otherwise, I am going to assume that all blows to the head or which cause the brain to hit the skull contribute to the potential development of C.T.E. and that the more violent the impact, the larger its negative consequence. Until the day (and that day may never come) when science can definitively predict which injuries and which players are on the road to C.T.E. and medicine can prevent those players from getting the disease, football has a responsibility to understand how players are injured and to find ways to reduce or eliminate the danger.

This is the first post in a series of posts about brain injuries in football and how to fix the sport. In our next post, we’ll discuss how brain injuries or concussions happen. What kinds of hits cause them? Why do players escape some collisions unscathed and stumble away from others?

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Super Bowl XLIX: Who is New England's coach, Bill Belichick?

In this morning’s post about Pete Carroll, the Seattle Seahawks head coach, I described Carroll as “an oil salesman” and wrote that it was “up to you whether you believe he’s selling snake oil or the best crude out there.” The subject of this post, is the head coach of the New England Patriots, and Carroll’s key opponent in the upcoming Super Bowl. Bill Belichick would be the world’s worst salesman, of oil or anything else. He is a complex, intriguing man whose brilliant talent for football is only matched by his apparent contempt for everything he feels is non-essential to winning football games. Whether you think he is simply a porcupine without the desire or talent to cloak himself in the skin of a cuddlier animal or you think he is a teddy-bear wearing chain-mail probably has a lot to do with whether you root for the New England Patriots and vis-versa. Bill Belichick is the single most powerful man in the New England Patriots organization. Trying to enjoy the Super Bowl without learning a bit about Belichick would be like watching the game on a standard-def, black and white TV.

What is Bill Belichick’s background?

In perhaps the least surprising biographical detail ever, Bill Belichick is the son of a football coach and military man. Bill Belichick was raised in Annapolis Maryland while his father served as assistant coach of the Navy football team. He played football as a young man but it was clear early on (and probably to Belichick as much as to his coaches) that his future would be as a coach, not a player. He went to college at Wesleyan College in Connecticut, a school known more for its music department than its football team. Belichick played as a Center and Tight End but was perhaps more known as a guy-around-campus than an athlete. A college teammate of Belichick’s described his role as president of Wesleyan’s Chi Psi fraternity, a notorious group of drunken pranksters by saying ‘‘It wasn’t that Bill didn’t like to have fun and party,’’ Farrell said. ‘‘He just wasn’t going to be the stupid one.’’ Hold on to that thought. If the NFL today resembles a frat party, Belichick still plays that role to a T.

After college, Belichick went right into NFL coaching, taking minor jobs with the Colts, Lions, and Broncos. Then in 1979, Belichick was hired by the New York Giants and his career took off. The Giants at that time were led by a legendary head coach named Bill Parcells, who was perhaps the opposite of Belichick in terms of outward presentation. Nonetheless, he saw something in Belichick, and by 1985, had promoted him to defensive coordinator. In 1991, Belichick was hired as head coach of the Cleveland Browns. This did not work out well. He spent five years with the Browns during which the team only had a winning record and made the playoffs in one year. Belichick angered fans of the team so severely when he cut quarterback Bernie Kosar from the team, that by the end of his time in Cleveland he was receiving FBI protection. In early 1996, in the midst of moving the team to Baltimore, where they were to become the Ravens, Belichick was fired.

As devastating as that failure must have been, it didn’t take long for Belichick to get swooped up by another team. His old mentor, Bill Parcells, at that time head coach of the New England Patriots, hired Belichick back on as an assistant head coach. The team thrived under their leadership and went to the Super Bowl in 1996. Despite their success, Parcells left shortly afterwards because of a dispute with team owner, Robert Kraft. Parcells felt he should be given authority as a general manager to make decisions about what players to draft or acquire through free agency or trades. Kraft disagreed.

After two hard-to-explain stints as the head coach of the New York Jets, neither of which lasted for longer than a day, Belichick was hired as the head coach and general manager of the New England Patriots in 2000. Almost immediately, the Patriots took off an a streak of winning unprecedented in modern NFL history. In his second year as head coach, the Patriots went 11-5 and won the Super Bowl. In his fourth and fifth years, the Patriots went 14-2 and won the Super Bowl both times. Three Super Bowl wins in four years made Belichick a success. Since then, he has kept the team running at an amazing clip, winning more than 10 games every year and making the playoffs every year except for one. How does he do it? What is his secret?

What’s he all about?

The writer David Halberstam described Bill Belichick as “the ultimate rational man.” Charlie Pierce described him as “the last NFL anarchist, the Lord of Misrule.” It’s very possible that they are both right. I think Belichick is one of the most carefully divided people around. He seems to be able to completely separate his personal life and his professional life; his emotions from his logic. Here’s what is undeniably true about Belichick.

  • He tries to be smarter than everyone else and often is. For years, Belichick has been “trading down” in the NFL draft. This means he trades the right to choose players earlier for the chance to select more players. He knows that accurately predicting player performance is a fool’s game and refuses to play it.
  • He has frequently cut or traded players, even well-respected veteran leaders, from his team before any decline in their performance was apparent to teammates, fans, and analysts.
  • He is unconventional in many ways. I wrote a whole post about this the other day. Belichick is a free-thinker in a league of copycats. He plays offensive players on defense sometimes, he will not hesitate to run the ball 50 times in a row if it is working or throw 60 times in a row. He feels no need to do what everyone else is doing. More than any other coach, he seems to plan his team’s tactics each week based on what his opponent’s strengths and weaknesses are.
  • He has been punished by the NFL once for cheating, in 2007 when the Patriots were caught filming opponent’s practice sessions, and is currently embroiled in a controversy over whether the Patriots illegally deflated footballs during their game against the Colts.
  • He seems to distain either the media or the expectations of an NFL coach to be a public figure. He says as little as possible in press conferences and seems to be annoyed most of the time. He wears informal clothing, verging on the sloppy, most of the time, including a cut-off, hooded sweatshirt look that he has become famous for.

Bill Belichick is an uncomfortable reminder of the underlying truths of professional football. Winning is everything, players are commodities, and the narratives surrounding the game are not directly connected to the people who work within the sport, no matter how much we like to think they are. For as lucrative a business as the NFL is, it’s owners, coaches, and GMs are often sloppy and inefficient in the way they think. They fall into following conventions far too often. Belichick is the guy who points out that the emperor is naked, that the company’s revenues will never match its losses, and that you are not seeing things clearly. Coaches matter more in football than in any other sport, so it’s no surprise that Belichick has been so successful. He seems to be the best coach in the NFL.

What will it mean if he wins? What will it mean if he loses?

Unfortunately, the Belichick narrative right now is caught up in #DEFLATEGATE and #BALLGHAZI. If Belichick wins, it will confirm the age-old wisdom, “if you’re not cheating, you’re not trying.” If the Patriots lose, people will see this as them getting their just desserts for having cheated.

With time, the furor over the footballs will die down. Later, a win will be seen as an unneeded but much appreciated confirmation of Belichick’s era as head coach of the New England Patriots. If they die, the Patriots dynasty will be remembered more as “three-super bowl wins in four years” than fifteen years of sustained excellence.

Prepare for the Super Bowl with Dear Sports Fan. We will be running special features all week to help everyone from the die-hard football fan to the most casual observer enjoy the game. If you haven’t signed up for our newsletter or either of our Football 101 or 201 courses, do it today!

What is a "football move"?

Dear Sports Fan,

What the heck is a “football move”? I think I understand that a wide receiver making a catch has to catch the ball and then make a “football move” to get credit for it but I don’t get what a “football move” is. I mean, we’re watching football players play football, right? Isn’t basically everything a “football move”? Isn’t the catch itself a “football move”?

Thanks,
Alexander


Dear Alexander,

You ask a very reasonable question. It’s one that puzzles most football fans and even some football players. The phrase “football move” doesn’t actually appear in the NFL rule-books at all but it is used popularly to explain a rule that dictates whether a player has caught the football or not. This rule has always been a little controversial and it became even more so when it virtually decided a playoff game between the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys earlier this year. In plain English, the rule states that in order to be considered a completed catch, a player has to catch the ball and maintain control over it long enough to do something else before the play is considered to be a completed catch. Here’s the rule in NFLese:

A forward pass is complete (by the offense) or intercepted (by the defense) if a player, who is inbounds:
(a) secures control of the ball in his hands or arms prior to the ball touching the ground; and
(b) touches the ground inbounds with both feet or with any part of his body other than his hands; and
(c) maintains control of the ball long enough, after (a) and (b) have been fulfilled, to enable him to perform any act
common to the game (i.e., maintaining control long enough to pitch it, pass it, advance with it, or avoid or ward off an
opponent, etc.).
Note 1: It is not necessary that he commit such an act, provided that he maintains control of the ball long enough to do so.
Note 2: If a player has control of the ball, a slight movement of the ball will not be considered a loss of possession. He must
lose control of the ball in order to rule that there has been a loss of possession.

I know, I know, the NFL is run by lawyers with a distinct flair for the obtuse. Still, the rule is actually not that hard to understand. I’ll do my best to explain it.

The first thing to understand is what this rule is attempting to do and why they are important. This rule is tries to set an objective line between a play that is not a completed pass and one that is. This is important because there are four possible outcomes when a quarterback throws his teammate the ball and they are widely varied in terms of their effect on the game:

  1. An incomplete pass — if the quarterback throws the ball and no one catches it — means that the play stops and the offense gets the ball back where they started that play only instead of first down, now it’s second or instead of third, now it’s fourth.
  2. A complete pass — when the quarterback throws the ball and his teammate catches it — means that the play continues until the receiver of the ball runs out-of-bounds or is tackled.
  3. A complete pass followed by a fumble — after the quarterback’s teammate catches the ball, he runs around and then drops the ball — the play continues but it’s a free-for-all; whoever picks up the ball gets it, including the defensive team.
  4. An interception — when a member of the opposing team catches the ball — the play continues and the defender can run with the ball but when he is tackled or goes out-of-bounds, his team gets to play offense.

These categories seem obvious but they get tricky at the edges. For instance, it’s intuitive that if the quarterback throws the ball and it hits the ground, it’s an incomplete pass. Likewise, if the quarterback throws the ball and it bounces off his teammates head and then hits the ground, it’s still an incomplete pass. But what if it bounces off his teammate’s hands as he’s trying to catch the ball? Still an incomplete pass but now we’re starting to feel less sure of things, right? Now, if the receiver catches the ball and runs for ten seconds, dodging defenders the whole time, and then drops the ball, that’s clearly a fumble. But what if he only runs around for five seconds? Still a fumble? What about four? What about three, two, one? Somewhere, there has to be a line between an incomplete pass and a catch followed by a fumble.

The NFL chose to define that boundary as when a player “maintains control of the ball long enough” after catching the ball and landing in-bounds to “enable him to perform any act common to the game.” Since the game in question is football, that phrase has been condensed in popular usage to a “football move.” In other words, a player has to catch the ball and hold it for long enough for him to theoretically do something else with it before it’s considered a catch. Of course, players on a football field don’t stand still very much of the time when a play is happening. This is why the last twist on this rule came into being. People don’t say that a receiver has to “catch the ball and then hold it long enough to make a football move”, they say that a player has to “catch the ball and then make a football move”. Since the NFL did not define how many seconds (or more likely tenths of a second) would be long enough to make a football move, the rule has shifted (for the purposes of reasonable enforcement) to be that a player has to demonstrate possession while he makes a football move after the catch.

I guess the only question we’re left with is “why should this be the definition of a catch?” I like to think about it like this: until a player is able to show that he’s done catching the ball and is ready and able to do something else on the field, he’s still in the process of catching the ball. Once a player is able to move on from catching the ball to dodge defenders, change direction or speed, or dive forward, then they’re done catching the ball.

Make sense? If it does, you’re ahead of everyone else. I think eventually we’ll see the NFL simply set an amount of time, probably three tenths of a second that a receiver must possess the ball before the play is considered a completed pass. That, plus biological sensors in the ball and everyone’s gloves will solve this issue for us once and for all. Until then, enjoy the debates about what exactly constitutes a “football move” and whether so-and-so made a catch or not.

Thanks for reading,
Ezra Fischer

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